[1] Wilkinson, Irén Kertész. "'Gypsy' [Roma-Sinti-Traveller] Music," Grove Music Online. (Accessed 20 August 2007) <http://www.grovemusic.com>

[2] Shapiro, Michael. "They Call Themselves Roma," Roots World (Accessed 9 May 2007) <http://www.rootsworld.com/rw/gypsypage.html>

[3] Glass, Herbert, "Romany life: What is the Gypsy idiom?" Opera News. New York: Mar. 16, 1997. Vol. 60, 13: 18-21.

[4] Nickson, Chris. "Roma (Gypsy) Music," National Geographic.  (Accessed 1 July 2008) <http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/genre/content.genre/
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[5] Malvinni, David. The Gypsy Caravan: From Real Roma to Imaginary Gypsies in Western Music and Film. New York: Routledge, 2004: 377.

[6] Bartók, Béla. "Gypsy Music or Hungarian Music?" The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 2. Apr., 1947: 240-257.

[7] Kovalcsik, Katalin. "Popular Dance Music Elements in the Folk Music of Gypsies in Hungary," Popular Music, Vol. 6, No. 1. Jan., 1987: 45-65.

[8] Frigyesi, Judit. "Béla Bartók and the Concept of Nation and 'Volk' in Modern Hungary," The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 78, No. 2. Summer, 1994: 255-287.

[9]Feldman, Walter Z. "Bulgărească/Bulgarish/Bulgar: The Transformation of a Klezmer Dance Genre," Ethnomusicology, Vol. 38, No. 1. Winter, 1994: 1-35.

[10] Netsky, Hankus. "An Overview of Klezmer Music and its development in the U.S," Judaism. Winter, 1998: 5-12.

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[12] Netsky, Hankus. "American Klezmer: A Brief History," American Klezmer : its Roots and Offshoots, ed. by Mark Slobin. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002: 14.

[13] Solomon, Sophie. "Klezmer Violin Technique," The Strad. Jan., 2007: 62-65.

[14] Horowitz, Josh. "The Main Klezmer Modes," Klezmer Shack. (Accessed 9 May 2007) <http://www.klezmershack.com/articles/horowitz/horowitz.klezmodes.html>

[15] Feldman, 1994: 1.

[16] Chianis, Sotirios. "Greece, Folk Music," The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. ed. Stanley Sadie. London: Macmillan, 1980. 7: 675.

[17] Mathiesen, Thomas J. et al. "Greece," Grove Music Online. (Accessed 21 August 2007) <http://www.grovemusic.com>

[18] "Traditional Stringed Instruments of Greece," Hellenic Communication Service. (Accessed 5 July 2008) <http://www.helleniccomserve.com/stringintruments.html>

[19] Magrini, Tullia. "Repertories and identities of a musician from Crete," Ethnomusicology OnLine Symposium on Mediterranean Musicians. (Accessed 2 August 2007) <http://www.research.umbc.edu/eol/3/magrini/index.html>

[20] Ibid.

[21] Raphael, Souzana. "The Hidden Treasure: Traditional Music in Greece," Matt Barrett's Greece Travel Guide. (Accessed 5 July 2008) <http://www.greecetravel.com/music/traditional.html>

[22] "Greece: Mapping the Sounds of Folk Music," The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music Online. Vol. 8: Europe, ed. Timothy Rice, James Porter, and Chris Goertzen: 2000. (Accessed 6 February 20009)

[23] Holden, Rickey and Vouras, Mary. Greek Folk Dances. Newark, New Jersey: Folkraft Press, 1965: 9.

[24] Patsidou, Lena. "Greek Dancing Through the Centuries: the history and evolution of Greek dance," Research on the History of Greek Dance (Accessed 5 July 2008) <http://www.annaswebart.com/culture/dancehistory/>

[25] Stratou, Dora. Greek Folk Dances. Greece: National Greek Folk Dances and Songs Society, 1965.

[26] Crosfield, Domini. Dances of Greece. New York: Chanticleer Press, 1948.

[27] Aguilar n.d.:125-26, in Járuregui 1990:18, quoted by Daniel Sheehy in  Mariachi Music in America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006: 15.

[28] Béhague, Gerard; Chamorro, Arturo and Stanford, E. Thomas. "Mexico, Traditional Music: Mestizo forms," Grove Music Online. (Accessed 6 May 2007) <http://www.grovemusic.com>

[29] Henriques, Donald Andrew. Performing nationalism: Mariachi, media and transformation of a tradition (1920--1942)  Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, 2006.

[30] Clark, Jonathan D. "A Brief History on the Mariachi Tradition," The Latino Encyclopedia. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corp, 1996.  Mariachi Publishing Company (Accessed 15 May 2007) <http://www.sobrino.net/mer/entry_on_the_word_mariachi.htm>

[31] Mendoza, Vicente T. and Fraser, Norman. "The Frontiers between 'Popular' and 'Folk.'" Journal of the International Folk Music Council, Vol. 7. 1955: 24-27.

[32] Sobrino, Laura. "Analyzing Mariachi Traditional and Popular Song Forms," Mariachi Publishing Company (Accessed 17 May 2007) <http://www.mariachipublishing.com>

[33] Sheehy, Daniel Edward; Olsen, Dale A. "Mexico," The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music Online. Volume 2: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. ed. Dale A. Olson and Daniel E. Sheehy. Routledge: 1998. (Accessed 19 July 2008) <http://glnd.alexanderstreet.com>

[34] "Jarabe Tapatio," Danzas y Trajes Tipicos de Jalisco. Gobierno de Jalisco, Secretaria de Cultura. (Accessed 11 July 2008) <http://cultura.jalisco.gob.mx/danzaytraje/jtapatio.html>

[35] Medina, Notario Antonio García. "Mariachi, Son y Jarabe," Ensayo cultural: Revista Digital de Derecho, Colegio de Notarios de Jalisco, Mexico (Accessed 11 July 2008) <http://www.revistanotarios.com/?q=node/17>

[36] Fuld, James J. The Book of World-Famous Music. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1985: 366-67.

[37] "The Mexican Hat Dance," Mexican Folkloric Dance Company of Chicago. (accessed 6 May 2008) <http://www.mexfoldanco.org/jarabe.shtml>

[38] Ibid.

[39] Díaz, Alicia. "Dance and Dance Forms," The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States. Suzanne Oboler and Deena J. González, Oxford University Press 2005. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. (Accessed 11 July 2008) <http://www.oxfordreference.com>

[40] "Jarabe (noun)," The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Foreign Terms in English. ed. Jennifer Speake. Berkley Books, 1999. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. (Accessed 11 July 2008), <http://www.oxfordreference.com>

[41] "Zapateado (noun)" The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Foreign Terms in English. ed. Jennifer Speake. Berkeley Books, 1999. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. (Accessed 11 July 2008) <http://www.oxfordreference.com>

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[43] Han, Kuo-Huang. "Folk Songs of the Han Chinese: Characteristics and Classifications," Asian Music, Vol. 20, No. 2, Chinese Music Theory. Spring-Summer, 1989: 107-128.

[44] Thrasher, Alan R. et al. "China," Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. (Accessed 18 Jul. 2008) <http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com>

[45] Provine, Robert C.; Tokumaru, Yosihiko and Witzleben, J. Lawrence. "China: A Musical Profile," The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music Online. Vol. 7: East Asia: China, Japan, and Korea. ed. Robert C. Provine, Yosihiko Tokumaru, and Lawrence Witzleben. Routledge: 2001. (Accessed 18 July 2008) <http://glnd.alexanderstreet.com>

[46] Jones, Stephen. "Source and Stream: Early Music and Living Traditions in China," Early Music, Vol. 24, No. 3, Early Music from Around the World. Aug., 1996: 375-388.

[47] Thrasher, Alan R. "The Melodic Structure of Jiangnan Sizhu," Ethnomusicology, Vol. 29, No. 2. Spring-Summer, 1985: 237-263.

[48] Ibid.

[49] Lu-Ting, Ho and Kuo-huang, Han. "On Chinese Scales and National Modes," Asian Music, Vol. 14, No. 1. 1982: 132-154.

[50] Yingshi, Chen; Provine, Robert C.; Tokumaru, Yosihiko and Witzleben, J. Lawrence, "Theory and Notation in China," The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music Online. Vol. 7: East Asia: China, Japan, and Korea. ed. Robert C. Provine, Yosihiko Tokumaru, and Lawrence Witzleben. Routledge: 2001. (Accessed 18 July 2008) <http://glnd.alexanderstreet.com>

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[52] Liu, Terence Michael.  Development of the Chinese Two-Stringed Bowed Lute 'Erhu" Following the New Culture Movement (c. 1915-1985).  Ph.D. dissertation, Kent State University, 1988.

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[60] Powers, Harold S. "India," The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. ed. Stanley Sadie. London: Macmillan, 1980. 9: 69-141.

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[62] Swift, Gordon. "Ornamentation in South Indian Music and the Violin," Carnatic Corner (Accessed 21 August 2007) <http://www.www.carnaticcorner.com/articles/violin_technique_article.pdf>

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[64] Wade, Bonnie. Music in India. New Delhi: Manohar, 2004.

[65] Krishnan, G.J.R. "The Rise of Violin in the South-Adaptation at its Best," Paper presented at The Chembur Fine Arts Society in Mumbai, India, Feb. 1999 (Accessed 5 February 2009) .

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[75] Racy, 1992.

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Fig. 6.1 Galaxy of Musicians. Oil by Raja Ravi Varma (1848-1896).

Fig. 6.2 19th century print of Roma musicians.

Fig. 6.3 Klezmer Musicians, 1895, Magyar Néprajzi Múzeum, Hungary.

Fig. 6.4 Greek Byzantine era dancers. Fresco, 16th century. Monastery, Koutloumousiou, Mount Athos, Greece.

Fig. 6.5 Jarabe Tapatio, postage stamp.

Fig. 6.6 Chinese instrumentalists, ancient Chinese engraving.

Fig. 6.7 Erhu, Chinese folk instrument.

Fig. 6.8 Poster for premiere of Turandot opera, 1926.

Fig. 6.9 Tyāgarāja, portrait.

Fig. 6.10 Tanburi Cemil Bey, photograph.

Fig. 6.11 Fiddlin' Bill Hensley, a famous old-time fiddler. Asheville, North Carolina. Photograph by Ben Shahn. Library of Congress: LC-USF33-006258-M3.

Fig. 6.12 Irish Jig postcard. early 1900s.

Fig. 6.13 Maple Leaf Rag, sheet music cover. Maple Leaf Rag, by Scott Joplin, was first published by John Stark & Son in 1899. This cover is from the third edition.

Fig. 6.14 Scott Joplin, portrait. Taken from American Musician, June 17, 1907. Performing Arts Reading Room, Library of Congress.

Fig. 6.15 The Ragtime Violin. Cover from The Ragtime Violin sheet music, composed by Irving Berlin, and published in 1911 by Ted Snyder Co., New York.

Fig. 6.16 The Castle Walk. Cover from The Castle Walk sheet music, composed by published in 1913 by Joseph W. Stern & Company, New York. Vernon and Irene Castle are shown on the front cover, dancing.

Fig. 6.17 William Christopher Handy. Carl Van Vechten Collection, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division: LC-USZ62-42531

Fig. 6.18 St. Louis Blues, sheet music cover. Originally published: New York: Handy Bros. Music Co., 1914.